Biking For Health Benefits

Jumat, 11 Desember 2009 Published by Hery Purwanto komentar (0)

Cycling and Health
Cycling regularly will not make us travel faster than a motor vehicle or a car that's an anecdote from cycling Cycling will be very beneficial to health and keep our bodies are always in a state fit.

Cycling and Benefits for the Heart and Heart
With cycling every day to train our breath to breathe longer compared with those who are not cycling, cycling is more effective than exercise more erobic and mengasikan.

Cycling is one form of sport's most effective and inexpensive way to reach a costly health. For example, cycling and reduce the risk of heart attack, high blood pressure, and diabetes, for that is why cycling is one of the means to live healthy.

The results mentioned in the cycling short distances and is often done to reduce death of approximately 22%.

Cycling and weight
Cycling can be one of the programs to lose weight. With us the same cycling burn our energy is produced from the food we eat such as chocolate and some alcoholic beverages (about 300 calories).

Only a 15 minute bike ride from home to our office from 5 to 6 times a week, we have successfully reduced our weight 11 pounds in one year.

Cycling and Mood (spirit)
Cycling provides a positive effect on the feelings and our mood. Cycling can reduce depression, strees, improve your mood and motivate ourselves. For example a bike we can see the environment more closely, socializing with the environment, enjoying the natural scenery and fresh air. Bonus of all is health.

Cycling and air pollution
If you do not have to worry about air pollution caused by vehicle traffic, study says people who ride less air pollution than the people who ride in motor vehicles. This is possible because the people in the bike breathe more regularly and inhale more oxygen.

Bike helmet
Do not forget this one thing, though until now there are many assumptions that wearing a helmet when cycling was not an essential assumption is wrong. by wearing a helmet can reduce the risk of accidents if we fall or other accident. To get a helmet in accordance with the security and comfort of our cycling can visit the nearest bike shop there, we can get a lot of size options to fit our heads. With cycling helmet becomes more secure and comfortable.

source of http://zonasepeda.com/artikel/manfaat-bersepeda-untuk-kesehatan.html


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WOMEN MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Jumat, 27 November 2009 Published by Hery Purwanto komentar (0)

Menstruation is the release of the uterine lining (endometrium) is accompanied by bleeding, and occurred every month except during pregnancy. Menstruation happens constantly referred to as the monthly menstrual cycle. menstruation usually occurs at the age of 11 years and lasted until your menopause (usually occurs around the age of 45 - 55 years old). Normally, periods lasted for 3 - 7 days.

Menstrual cycles vary among women and nearly 90% of women have a cycle of 25 to 35 days and only have 10-15% of 28-day cycle length, but some women have irregular cycles and this could be an indication of fertility problems.



Menstrual cycle length calculated from the first day of menstrual period - the day the bleeding starts is called the first day and then counted up to the last day - that is 1 day before menstrual bleeding begins next month.


A woman has ovarian 2 each of which stores about 200,000 to 400,000 immature eggs / follicles (follicles). Normally, only one or a few eggs to grow each menstrual period and approximately 14 days before the next menstrual period, when the egg has been cooked the eggs will be released from the ovary and then walked to the fallopian tubes and then fertilized. Release process is called "ovulation".
At the beginning of the cycle, a gland in the brain releases a hormone called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) into the bloodstream, making egg cells are grown in the ovary.One or more eggs and grows faster than the other eggs and become dominant until then began to produce a hormone called estrogen is released into the bloodstream. Hormone estrogen hormone FSH in cooperation with the help of the dominant egg grows and then gives signal to the uterus to prepare themselves to receive the egg cell. Hormone estrogen also produce more mucus in the vagina to help the survival of sperm after having sex.










When the egg has been cooked, a hormone released from the brain called the Luteinizing Hormone (LH). This hormone is released in large quantities and triggered the release of an egg cell that has matured from the ovary into the fallopian tubes. If at this moment, healthy sperm into the fallopian tubes, the egg cell has a great opportunity to be fertilized.

Eggs fertilized requires several days to walk to the fallopian tubes, reach the uterus and ultimately to "instill self" in the womb. Then, the egg will divide and produce the hormone Human Chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) which can be detected by GEATEL ®. Hormone that helps the growth of the embryo in the womb.

If the egg cell that has been released is not fertilized, the endometrium will be shed and the occurrence of the next menstrual process.
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Syphilis

Kamis, 26 November 2009 Published by Hery Purwanto komentar (0)

Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted infectious disease. The bacteria that cause it spread through broken skin or mucous membranes.

Pregnant mothers infected with the disease can pass it to the baby developing in their womb. This is called congenital syphilis.

Syphilis is widespread in the United States. It mainly affects sexually active adults ages 20 to 29.

Syphilis has several stages.

  • Primary syphilis is the first stage. Painless sores ( chancres) form at the site of infection about 2-3 weeks after you are first infected. You may not notice the sores or any symptoms, particularly if the sores are inside the rectum or cervix. The sores disappear in about 4-6 weeks, even without treatment. The bacteria become dormant (inactive) in your system at this stage. For more specific information about this type of syphilis, see primary syphilis.
  • Secondary syphilis occurs about 2-8 weeks after the first sores form. About 33% of those who do not have their primary syphilis treated will develop this second stage. These symptoms will often also go away without treatment and again, the bacteria become dormant (inactive) in your system. For more specific information about this type of syphilis, see secondary syphilis.
  • Tertiary syphilis is the final stage of syphilis. The infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. The dormant bacteria may be detectable either by seeing the damage they cause to a part of the body, or through a blood test for syphilis. For more specific information about this type of syphilis, see tertiary syphilis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of syphilis depend on the stage of the disease. Many people do not have symptoms.

In general, painless sores and swollen lymph nodes are possible symptoms of primary syphilis. Those with secondary syphilis may also have fever, fatigue, rash, aches and pains, and loss of appetite, among other symptoms. Tertiary syphilis causes heart, brain, and nervous system problems.

For more information, see the article on the specific stage of syphilis.





Exams and Tests

Blood tests can be done to detect substances produced by the bacteria that cause syphilis. The older test is the VDRL test. Other blood tests may include RPR and FTA-ABS.

Treatment

Antibiotics are an effective treatment for syphilis. The antibiotic of choice is penicillin. The dose and how it's given (into a muscle or into a vein) depend on the stage of syphilis. Doxycycline may be used as an alternative treatment in individuals who are allergic to penicillin.

Several hours after treatment of early stages of syphilis, you may have a reaction called Jarish-Herxheimer reaction. Symptoms of this reaction include:

  • Chills
  • Fever
  • General feeling of being ill
  • General joint aches
  • General muscle aches
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Rash

These symptoms usually disappear within 24 hours.

You must have follow-up blood tests at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months to make sure the infection is gone. You should avoid sexual conduct until two follow-up tests show that the infection has been cured. Syphilis is extremely contagious through sexual contact in the primary and secondary stages.

Syphilis is a reportable infection. That means that doctors must report any cases of syphilis to public health authorities, so that potentially infected sexual partners may be identified and treated.

Outlook (Prognosis)

With prompt treatment and follow-up care, syphilis can be cured.

Late-stage syphilis can lead to long-term health problems, despite therapy.

Possible Complications

Complications of untreated syphilis include:

  • Damage to the skin and bones
  • Heart and blood vessel problems, including inflammation and aneurysms of the aorta
  • Neurosyphilis

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Notify your health care provider if you develop signs or symptoms of syphilis. Several conditions may have similar symptoms, so you will need to have a complete medical exam.

Also call your health care provider if you have had sexual contact with someone who has syphilis.

Prevention

If you are sexually active, practice safe sex and always use condoms.

All pregnant women, people with HIV, and others at increased risk for having syphilis should be screened for syphilis.

References

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001327.htm



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Gonorrhea

Rabu, 25 November 2009 Published by Hery Purwanto komentar (0)

Definition

Gonorrhea is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The mucous membranes of the genital region may become inflamed without the development of any other symptoms. When symptoms occur, they are different in men and women. In men, gonorrhea usually begins as an infection of the vessel that carries urine and sperm (urethra). In women, it will most likely infect the narrow part of the uterus (cervix). If untreated, gonorrhea can result in serious medical complications.

Description

Gonorrhea is commonly referred to as "the clap." The incidence of gonorrhea has steadily declined since the 1980s, largely due to increased public awareness campaigns and the risk of contracting other sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS. Still, current estimates range from 400,000 to as many as one million projected cases of gonorrhea in the United States each year. These estimates vary due to the private nature of the disease and the consequent underreporting that occurs. The majority of reported cases of gonorrhea come from public health clinics.
The disease affects people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic levels, but some individuals are more at-risk than others. Adolescents and young adults are the highest risk group, with more than 80% of the reported cases each year occurring in the 15-29 age group. Those individuals with multiple sexual partners and who use no barrier contraception, such as condoms, are most at-risk. Reported rates vary among racial and ethnic groups.




The risk factors for gonorrhea are not unlike those for all sexually transmitted diseases. Both men and women can become infected through a variety of sexual contact behaviors, including oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. The disease is transmitted very efficiently. In fact, women run a 60-90% chance of contracting the disease after just one sexual encounter with an infected male. The disease can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her infant during delivery.

Causes and symptoms

If treated early, gonorrhea can be cured. Unfortunately, many individuals with gonorrhea, particularly women, will experience no symptoms to alert them to the possibility that they have contracted gonorrhea, and therefore, many do not seek treatment. When present, the symptoms and complications of gonorrhea are primarily limited to the genital, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems and usually begin between one day and two weeks following infection. If left untreated, serious complications can result if the disease spreads to the bloodstream and infects the brain, heart valves, and joints. Untreated gonorrhea can also result in severe damage to the reproductive system, making an individual unable to conceive a child (sterile).

Symptoms of gonorrhea in women

As many as 80% of women with gonorrhea show no symptoms. If present, symptoms may include the following:
  • bleeding between menstrual periods
  • chronic abdominal pain
  • painful urination
  • vaginal discharge, often cloudy and yellow
  • in the case of oral infection, there may be no symptoms or only a sore throat.
  • anal infection may cause rectal itching or discharge.
Because women often do not show any symptoms, complications are more likely to occur as the disease progresses. The most common complication is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can occur in up to 40% of women with gonorrhea and may result in damage to the fallopian tubes, a pregnancy developing outside the uterus (ectopic pregnancy), or sterility. If an infected woman is pregnant, gonorrhea can be passed on to her newborn through the birth canal during delivery. These infants may experience eye infections that could lead to blindness.

Symptoms of gonorrhea in men

Men are more likely to experience the following symptoms:
  • thick and cloudy discharge from the penis
  • burning or pain during urination
  • more frequent urination
  • in the case of oral infection, there may be no symptoms or only a sore throat
  • anal infection may cause rectal itching or discharge
In men, complications can affect the prostate, testicles, and surrounding glands. Inflammation, tissue death and pus formation (abscesses), and scarring can occur and result in sterility.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of gonorrhea can be made at a public health clinic or a family physician office. First, the doctor will discuss symptoms and the patient's known contact or at-risk behavior. There are three methods available to test for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These include a culture, a Gram stain, and an ELISA test. Culture of secretions from the infected area is the preferred method for gonorrhea screening in patients with or without symptoms. A cotton swab can be used to collect enough sample for a culture. The sample is incubated for up to two days, providing enough time for the bacteria to multiply and be accurately identified. This test is nearly 100% accurate.
Gram stains are more accurate in the diagnosis of gonorrhea in men than in women. To perform this test, a small amount of discharge from the infected area will be placed on a slide, stained with a special dye, and examined under a microscope for the presence of the gonococcus bacteria. The advantage to this test is that results can be obtained very quickly at the initial visit. Because it requires that the physician or technician be able to recognize and accurately identify the bacteria simply by looking at it under a microscope, however, this test is only about 70% accurate. As a result, one of the other methods may also be used to confirm the diagnosis.
ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, has emerged as a rapid and sensitive test for gonorrhea. It is much more sensitive than the gram stain and is more convenient than the culture test, which involves the transport and storage of samples. As of late 1997, several other diagnostic tests were being researched with the goal of providing a cost-effective method of screening for a variety of sexually transmitted diseases. One of the most interesting of these is a home test that can be taken by the patient themselves, allowing for a degree of privacy and confidentiality.
When a patient suspects exposure to or experiences symptoms of gonorrhea, he or she may see a public health provider or family practice physician. Physicians trained in obstetrics or gynecology may also be involved, particularly if gynecological complications occur. Men who experience complications may be referred to a urologist. There are also infectious disease physicians who specialize in the treatment and research of all infectious diseases, including those transmitted sexually. All physicians must report this highly contagious disease to public health officials, and patients are asked to provide the names of sex partners during the suspected period of infection so that they can be notified of the risk.

Treatment

Gonorrhea has become more difficult and expensive to treat since the 1970s, due to the increased resistance of gonorrhea to certain antibiotics. In fact, according to projections from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30% of the strains of gonorrhea were resistant to routine antibiotics in 1994, and resistance has been increasing steadily. Furthermore, many patients have both gonorrhea and chlamydial infections. Therefore, two drug treatment regimens are common. Medications used to treat gonorrhea include ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and doxycycline or azithromycin are often given simultaneously to treat possible co-existing chlamydia (in pregnant women, erythromycin should be substituted for the aforementioned anti-chlamydial agents). In 2004, reports said that oral antibiotics were preferred over intramuscular forms of the drugs. Also, researchers reported that cefixime had not been available and that fluoroquinolone had been used by more physicians to treat gonorrhea. However, fluoroquinolone resistance was rising among patients with gonorrhea, and in June 2004 the Centers for Disease Control recommended that clinicians no longer prescribe the drug as first-line treatment for gonorrhea in men who have sex with men.
An extremely important consideration is to make sure that all of the prescribed medication is taken. If a course of antibiotics is not completed, the medication will only kill those organisms that are susceptible to the antibiotic, allowing those that are resistant to the effects of that particular antibiotic to multiply and possibly cause a new infection that will be more difficult to treat. Patients should refrain from sexual intercourse until treatment is complete and return for follow-up testing. Any sexual partners during the time of infection, even if those partners do not show symptoms, should be notified and treated when any sexually transmitted disease is involved.

Alternative treatment

Although there is no known alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of gonorrhea, there are herbs and minerals that may be used to supplement antibiotic treatment:
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus or live-culture yogurts are helpful, while taking antibiotics, to replenish gastrointestinal flora.
  • The following supplements may be used to improve the body's immune function: zinc, multivitamins and mineral complexes, vitamin C, and garlic (Allium sativum).
  • Several herbs may reduce some symptoms or help speed healing: kelp has balanced vitamins and minerals. Calendula (Calendula officinalis), myrrh (Commiphora molmol), and thuja (Thuja occidentalis) may help reduce discharge and inflammation when used as a tea or douche.
  • Hot baths may also help reduce pain and inflammation.
  • A variety of herbs may help with symptoms of the reproductive and urinary systems.
  • If a physician approves, fasting, combined with certain juices, may help cleanse the urinary and gastrointestinal systems.
  • There may be acupressure and acupuncture points that will help with system cleansing. These exact pressure points can be provided and treated by an acupressurist or acupuncturist.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with gonorrhea varies based on how early the disease is detected and treated. If treated early and properly, patients can be entirely cured of the disease. Up to 40% of female patients who are not treated early may develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and the possibility of resulting sterility. Although the risk of infertility is higher in women than in men, men may also become sterile if the urethra becomes inflamed (urethritis) as a result of an untreated gonorrhea infection. Following an episode of PID, a woman is six to 10 times more likely, should a pregnancy occur, to have a pregnancy develop outside the uterus (ectopic pregnancy), which can result in death. Liver infection may also occur in untreated women. In approximately 2% of patients with untreated gonorrhea, the gonococcal infection may spread throughout the body and can cause fever, arthritis-like joint pain, and skin lesions.

Key terms

  • Cervix — The narrow part or neck of the uterus.
  • Chlamydia — The most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States that often accompanies gonorrhea and is known for its lack of evident symptoms in the majority of women.
  • Ectopic pregnancy — A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tubes. Although the fetus will not survive, in some cases, ectopic pregnancy can also result in the death of the mother.
  • ELISA — Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This test has been used a screening test for AIDS for many years and has also been used to detect gonorrhea bacteria.
  • HIV — Human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS. The risk of acquiring AIDS is increased by the presence of gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted diseases.
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae — The bacterium that causes gonorrhea. It cannot survive for any length of time outside the human body.
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) — An infection of the upper genital tract that is the most serious threat to a woman's ability to reproduce. At least 25% of women who contract the disease, which can be a complication of gonorrhea, will experience long-term consequences such as infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) — A group of diseases which are transmitted by sexual contact. In addition to gonorrhea, this groups generally includes chlamydia, HIV (AIDS), herpes, syphilis, and genital warts.
  • Sterile — Unable to conceive a child.
  • Urethra — The canal leading from the bladder, and in men, also a path for sperm fluid.

Prevention

Currently, there is no vaccine for gonorrhea, but several are under development. The best prevention is to abstain from having sex or to engage in sex only when in a mutually monogamous relationship in which both partners have been tested for gonorrhea, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. The next line of defense is the use of condoms, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing disease (and unwanted pregnancies). To be 100% effective, condoms must be used properly. A female birth-control device that blocks the entry of sperm into the cervix (diaphragm) can also reduce the risk of infection. The risk of contracting gonorrhea increases with the number of sexual partners. Any man or woman who has sexual contact with more than one partner is advised to be tested regularly for gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases.


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Sexually Transmitted Disease(STD)

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What is STD?

STD stands for sexually transmitted disease, which means an infection or disease is transmitted mostly through sexual intercourse (oral, anal or vaginal). PMS is also interpreted as venereal disease, or infection that is transmitted through sexual contact. It should be noted that the PMS attack around the genitals, but the symptoms can appear and attack the eyes, mouth, digestive tract, liver, brain and other organs. For example, both HIV / AIDS and Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual activity but they did not attack the genitals.


Why do we need information about STDs?

If we had sexual intercourse with another person, even if only once, we can get STDs.

What is the relationship of reproductive organs with STD?

Most PMS harm reproductive organs. In women, PMS or destroy Diding cervix vagina, usually without any signs of infection. In the male, which was first infected urinary tract. If left untreated, STDs can cause a discharge from the penis is not normal and result in pain at the time of urination. Untreated STDs can affect the reproductive organs and cause of infertility in both men or women.

Which body parts can be affected by STD?

In women
  1. Channels ovary
  2. Ovary
  3. uterus
  4. bladder
  5. cervical
  6. vaginal
  7. urinary
  8. anus
In men:
  1. bladder
  2. vas deferens
  3. prostate
  4. penis
  5. epididymis
  6. testicle
  7. urinary
  8. cock pouch
  9. seminal vesicle
  10. anus
There is some danger STD, that is:
  • Most STIs can cause us pain
  • Some STDs can cause sterility
  • Some STDs can cause miscarriage
  • STDs can cause cervical cancer
  • Some STDs can damage the eyes, brain and liver
  • STDs can be transmitted to the baby
  • STDs can cause us vulnerable to HIV / AIDS
  • Some STDs that can not be cured
What are the types of STD?
There are many types of STDs. The most common and most important thing to note is:
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia
  • Herpes Genitalia
  • Syphilis
  • Hepatitis B
  • HIV / AIDS

At this moment, chlamydia more attention. Like gonorrhea, chlamydia can cause sterility. Herpes causes symptoms that can appear and disappear forever. Syphilis can cause severe damage if not treated. While AIDS, which is caused by HIV destroys the immune system, making people sick and even die.






Can STDs be cured?
Not all STDs can be cured. STDs caused by viruses, such as HIV / AIDS, genital herpes and hepatitis B are examples of STDs that can not be cured. HIV / AIDS is the most dangerous. HIV / AIDS is incurable and damaging the human immune system that has the most important role in the fight against disease. Many people died from AIDS caused by their immune system can not fight infection.

Genital herpes have symptoms disappeared and can feel very ill if the disease is active tsb. In herpes, drugs can only be used to treat the symptoms only, but the virus that causes herpes stay alive in the body forever.

Does any have STD symptoms?

No!

Sometimes, STDs have no symptoms at all, so we do not know if we're infected. STDs can be asymptomatic (no symptoms) in men or women. Some of the new PMS showed signs and symptoms for weeks, months, even years after infection.
In women, STDs can not even detectable. Although someone does not show the symptoms of STD infection, and did not know that they are exposed to STDs, they are still able to infect others.
HIV-infected people usually do not show symptoms for years after infection. No one can determine whether correct or not someone is infected just by appearance alone. Though people may look healthy they will be, they can still transmit HIV to others. Sometimes, people who are infected with HIV are not aware that they are suffering from a virus they will be, because they feel healthy and can remain active. Only laboratory tests can indicate a person has been infected with HIV or not.

What symptoms are most common STDs?
STD often have no symptoms. Symptoms that may arise include:
  • Exit Fluid / abnormal discharge from the vagina or penis. In women, there is increased vaginal discharge. The color can be more white, yellowish, greenish, or kemerahmudaan. Discharge could have an unpleasant odor and slimy.
  • In men, the heat was burning or pain during or after urination, usually caused by STDs. In women, some symptoms may be caused by PMS, but also caused by a bladder infection is not transmitted through sexual contact.
  • Open wounds or sores around the genitals wet or mouth. The wound may be painful or not.
  • Small bumps (papules) around the genitals
  • Redness around the genitals
  • In men, pain or redness occurs in the penis sac
  • Stomach pain lower that appear and disappear, and not associated with menstruation
  • The spot of blood after intercourse
How can we get infected with STDs?
Most STDs come from sex is not safe. The definition of unsafe sex, are:
  • Perform vaginal intercourse without a condom (penis in the vagina)
  • Sexual intercourse through the anus without a condom (penis in the anus)
  • Sexual Hubugan through oral or karaoke (penis in the mouth without a condom or mouth touching female genitalia)
Are there other ways people can be infected with STDs?
Another way a person can be infected with STDs also through:

Blood
Tansfusi from infected blood, using shared needles or other sharp objects into the body to use drugs or tattooing.

Pregnant mothers to their babies
Transmission during pregnancy, during the birth process. After birth, HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.

So addition to the above, STDs are not contagious?

Yes.

PMS is not transmitted through:
  • Sitting next to PMS sufferers
  • The use of the toilet with the patient
  • Working too hard
  • Using public swimming pools, a hot water bath or a sauna together
  • Shaking hands with patient
  • Sneezing
  • Sweat
Why are women more at risk of contracting STDs than men?
Women are more vulnerable to contracting STDs than men. The main reason is:
  • During sex, vaginal wall and cervix directly exposed to semen. If the sperm infected with STDs, then they will be any women can be infected
  • If the STD-infected women, she does not always show symptoms. No emergence of symptoms can cause widespread infection and complications
  • Many people - especially women and teenagers - are reluctant to seek treatment because they do not want the family or community know they suffer from PMS.
How bad result for someone STD?
If left alone without a handle, the STD can destroy an infected person, such as:
  • Either male infertility or female
  • Cervical cencer in women
  • Pregnancy outside the uterus
  • Infection spreads
  • Babies born with birth should not have, such as birth before age, low birth weight, or infected with STDs
  • HIV Infection


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